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pelagic zone
Any water in a sea or "Surface Area and the Seabed Area, Volume, Depth, Slope, and Topographic Variation for the World’s Seas, Oceans, and Countries" ) ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' 44(23): 8821–8828. doi|10.1021/es1012752}}〕〔Charette MA and Smith WHF (2010) ("The volume of Earth's ocean" ) ''Oceanography'', 23(2): 112–114.〕〔(Ocean's Depth and Volume Revealed ) ''OurAmazingPlanet'', 19 May 2010.〕 Fish that live in the pelagic zone are called pelagic fish. Pelagic life decreases with increasing depth. It is affected by light intensity, pressure, temperature, salinity, the supply of dissolved oxygen and nutrients, and the submarine topography, which is called bathymetry. In deep water, the pelagic zone is sometimes called the open-ocean zone and can be contrasted with water that is near the coast or on the continental shelf. In other contexts, coastal water not near the bottom is still said to be in the pelagic zone.
The pelagic zone can be contrasted with the benthic and demersal zones at the bottom of the sea. The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom of the sea. It includes the sediment surface and some subsurface layers. Marine organisms living in this zone, such as clams and crabs, are called benthos. The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone. It can be significantly affected by the seabed and the life that lives there. Fish that live in the demersal zone are called demersal fish, which can be divided into benthic fish, which are denser than water so they can rest on the bottom, and benthopelagic fish, which swim in the water column just above the bottom. Demersal fish are also known as bottom feeders and groundfish.
==Depth and layers==
Depending on how deep the sea is, the pelagic zone can extend over up to five horizontal layers in the ocean. From the top down, these are:
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